Liquid carbon formed using a high-energy laser

Nature, Published online: 11 June 2025; doi:10.1038/d41586-025-01782-w

Using pulses of an ultrabright X-ray free-electron laser, the structure of liquid carbon was determined at pressures exceeding one million atmospheres and temperatures of around 7,000 kelvin. This approach revealed a complex fluid with a water-like structure and an average of four neighbouring atoms around each central carbon atom.

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